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Amazon AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate (DEA-C01) Sample Questions (Q33-Q38):

NEW QUESTION # 33
A gaming company uses Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to collect clickstream data. The company uses Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery streams to store the data in JSON format in Amazon S3. Data scientists at the company use Amazon Athena to query the most recent data to obtain business insights.
The company wants to reduce Athena costs but does not want to recreate the data pipeline.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST management effort?

A. Integrate an AWS Lambda function with Firehose to convert source records to Apache Parquet and write them to Amazon S3. In parallel, run an AWS Glue extract, transform, and load (ETL) job to combine the JSON files and convert the JSON files to large Parquet files. Create a custom S3 object YYYYMMDD prefix. Use the ALTER TABLE ADD PARTITION statement to reflect the partition on the existing Athena table.
B. Create an Apache Spark job that combines JSON files and converts the JSON files to Apache Parquet files. Launch an Amazon EMR ephemeral cluster every day to run the Spark job to create new Parquet files in a different S3 location. Use the ALTER TABLE SET LOCATION statement to reflect the new S3 location on the existing Athena table.
C. Change the Firehose output format to Apache Parquet. Provide a custom S3 object YYYYMMDD prefix expression and specify a large buffer size. For the existing data, create an AWS Glue extract, transform, and load (ETL) job. Configure the ETL job to combine small JSON files, convert the JSON files to large Parquet files, and add the YYYYMMDD prefix. Use the ALTER TABLE ADD PARTITION statement to reflect the partition on the existing Athena table.
D. Create a Kinesis data stream as a delivery destination for Firehose. Use Amazon Managed Service for Apache Flink (previously known as Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics) to run Apache Flink on the Kinesis data stream. Use Flink to aggregate the data and save the data to Amazon S3 in Apache Parquet format with a custom S3 object YYYYMMDD prefix. Use the ALTER TABLE ADD PARTITION statement to reflect the partition on the existing Athena table.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Step 1: Understanding the Problem
The company collectsclickstream datavia Amazon Kinesis Data Streams and stores it inJSON formatin Amazon S3 using Kinesis Data Firehose. They useAmazon Athenato query the data, but they want toreduce Athena costswhile maintaining the same data pipeline.
Since Athena charges based on the amount of data scanned during queries, reducing the data size (by converting JSON to a more efficient format likeApache Parquet) is a key solution to lowering costs.
Step 2: Why Option A is Correct
* Option Aprovides a straightforward way to reduce costs withminimal management overhead:
* Changing the Firehose output format to Parquet: Parquet is a columnar data format, which is more compact and efficient than JSON for Athena queries. It significantly reduces the amount of data scanned, which in turn reduces Athena query costs.
* Custom S3 Object Prefix (YYYYMMDD): Adding a date-based prefix helps in partitioning the data, which further improves query efficiency in Athena by limiting the data scanned to only relevant partitions.
* AWS Glue ETL Job for Existing Data: To handle existing data stored in JSON format, a one- time AWS Glue ETL job can combine small JSON files, convert them to Parquet, and apply the YYYYMMDD prefix. This ensures consistency in the S3 bucket structure and allows Athena to efficiently query historical data.
* ALTER TABLE ADD PARTITION: This command updates Athena's table metadata to reflect the new partitions, ensuring that future queries target only the required data.
Step 3: Why Other Options Are Not Ideal
* Option B (Apache Spark on EMR)introduces higher management effort by requiring the setup of Apache Spark jobsand anAmazon EMR cluster. While it achieves the goal of converting JSON to Parquet, it involves running and maintaining an EMR cluster, which adds operational complexity.
* Option C (Kinesis and Apache Flink)is a more complex solution involvingApache Flink, which adds a real-time streaming layer to aggregate data. Although Flink is a powerful tool for stream processing, it adds unnecessary overhead in this scenario since the company already uses Kinesis Data Firehose for batch delivery to S3.
* Option D (AWS Lambda with Firehose)suggests usingAWS Lambdato convert records in real time.
While Lambda can work in some cases, it's generally not the best tool for handling large-scale data transformations like JSON-to-Parquet conversion due to potential scaling and invocation limitations.
Additionally, running parallel Glue jobs further complicates the setup.
Step 4: How Option A Minimizes Costs
* By usingApache Parquet, Athena queries become more efficient, as Athena will scan significantly less data, directly reducing query costs.
* Firehosenatively supports Parquet as an output format, so enabling this conversion in Firehose requires minimal effort. Once set, new data will automatically be stored in Parquet format in S3, without requiring any custom coding or ongoing management.
* TheAWS Glue ETL jobfor historical data ensures that existing JSON files are also converted to Parquet format, ensuring consistency across the data stored in S3.
Conclusion:
Option A meets the requirement toreduce Athena costswithout recreating the data pipeline, using Firehose's native support forApache Parquetand a simple one-timeAWS Glue ETL jobfor existing data. This approach involvesminimal management effortcompared to the other solutions.

NEW QUESTION # 34
A manufacturing company wants to collect data from sensors. A data engineer needs to implement a solution that ingests sensor data in near real time.
The solution must store the data to a persistent data store. The solution must store the data in nested JSON format. The company must have the ability to query from the data store with a latency of less than 10 milliseconds.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

A. Use Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to capture the sensor data. Store the data in Amazon DynamoDB for querying.
B. Use Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) to buffer incoming sensor data. Use AWS Glue to store the data in Amazon RDS for querying.
C. Use AWS Lambda to process the sensor data. Store the data in Amazon S3 for querying.
D. Use a self-hosted Apache Kafka cluster to capture the sensor data. Store the data in Amazon S3 for querying.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Amazon Kinesis Data Streams is a service that enables you to collect, process, and analyze streaming data in real time. You can use Kinesis Data Streams to capture sensor data from various sources, such as IoT devices, web applications, or mobile apps. You can create data streams that can scale up to handle any amount of data from thousands of producers. You can also use the Kinesis Client Library (KCL) or the Kinesis Data Streams API to write applications that process and analyze the data in the streams1.
Amazon DynamoDB is a fully managed NoSQL database service that provides fast and predictable performance with seamless scalability. You can use DynamoDB to store the sensor data in nested JSON format, as DynamoDB supports document data types, such as lists and maps. You can also use DynamoDB to query the data with a latency of less than 10 milliseconds, as DynamoDB offers single-digit millisecond performance for any scale of data. You can use the DynamoDB API or the AWS SDKs to perform queries on the data, such as using key-value lookups, scans, or queries2.
The solution that meets the requirements with the least operational overhead is to use Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to capture the sensor data and store the data in Amazon DynamoDB for querying. This solution has the following advantages:
* It does not require you to provision, manage, or scale any servers, clusters, or queues, as Kinesis Data Streams and DynamoDB are fully managed services that handle all the infrastructure for you. This reduces the operational complexity and cost of running your solution.
* It allows you to ingest sensor data in near real time, as Kinesis Data Streams can capture data records as they are produced and deliver them to your applications within seconds. You can also use Kinesis Data Firehose to load the data from the streams to DynamoDB automatically and continuously3.
* It allows you to store the data in nested JSON format, as DynamoDB supports document data types, such as lists and maps. You can also use DynamoDB Streams to capture changes in the data and trigger actions, such as sending notifications or updating other databases.
* It allows you to query the data with a latency of less than 10 milliseconds, as DynamoDB offers single- digit millisecond performance for any scale of data. You can also use DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) to improve the read performance by caching frequently accessed data.
Option A is incorrect because it suggests using a self-hosted Apache Kafka cluster to capture the sensor data and store the data in Amazon S3 for querying. This solution has the following disadvantages:
* It requires you to provision, manage, and scale your own Kafka cluster, either on EC2 instances or on- premises servers. This increases the operational complexity and cost of running your solution.
* It does not allow you to query the data with a latency of less than 10 milliseconds, as Amazon S3 is an object storage service that is not optimized for low-latency queries. You need to use another service, such as Amazon Athena or Amazon Redshift Spectrum, to query the data in S3, which may incur additional costs and latency.
Option B is incorrect because it suggests using AWS Lambda to process the sensor data and store the data in Amazon S3 for querying. This solution has the following disadvantages:
* It does not allow you to ingest sensor data in near real time, as Lambda is a serverless compute service that runs code in response to events. You need to use another service, such as API Gateway or Kinesis Data Streams, to trigger Lambda functions with sensor data, which may add extra latency and complexity to your solution.
* It does not allow you to query the data with a latency of less than 10 milliseconds, as Amazon S3 is an object storage service that is not optimized for low-latency queries. You need to use another service, such as Amazon Athena or Amazon Redshift Spectrum, to query the data in S3, which may incur additional costs and latency.
Option D is incorrect because it suggests using Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) to buffer incoming sensor data and use AWS Glue to store the data in Amazon RDS for querying. This solution has the following disadvantages:
* It does not allow you to ingest sensor data in near real time, as Amazon SQS is a message queue service that delivers messages in a best-effort manner. You need to use another service, such as Lambda or EC2, to poll the messages from the queue and process them, which may add extra latency and complexity to your solution.
* It does not allow you to store the data in nested JSON format, as Amazon RDS is a relational database service that supports structured data types, such as tables and columns. You need to use another service, such as AWS Glue, to transform the data from JSON to relational format, which may add extra cost and overhead to your solution.
:
1: Amazon Kinesis Data Streams - Features
2: Amazon DynamoDB - Features
3: Loading Streaming Data into Amazon DynamoDB - Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose
[4]: Capturing Table Activity with DynamoDB Streams - Amazon DynamoDB
[5]: Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) - Features
[6]: Amazon S3 - Features
[7]: AWS Lambda - Features
[8]: Amazon Simple Queue Service - Features
[9]: Amazon Relational Database Service - Features
[10]: Working with JSON in Amazon RDS - Amazon Relational Database Service
[11]: AWS Glue - Features

NEW QUESTION # 35
A company uses Amazon Athena to run SQL queries for extract, transform, and load (ETL) tasks by using Create Table As Select (CTAS). The company must use Apache Spark instead of SQL to generate analytics.
Which solution will give the company the ability to use Spark to access Athena?

A. Athena query editor
B. Athena data source
C. Athena workgroup
D. Athena query settings

Answer: B

Explanation:
Athena data source is a solution that allows you to use Spark to access Athena by using the Athena JDBC driver and the Spark SQL interface. You can use the Athena data source to create Spark DataFrames from Athena tables, run SQL queries on the DataFrames, and write the results back to Athena. The Athena data source supports various data formats, such as CSV, JSON, ORC, and Parquet, and also supports partitioned and bucketed tables. The Athena data source is a cost-effective and scalable way to use Spark to access Athena, as it does not require any additional infrastructure or services, and you only pay for the data scanned by Athena.
The other options are not solutions that give the company the ability to use Spark to access Athena. Option A, Athena query settings, is a feature that allows you to configure various parameters for your Athena queries, such as the output location, the encryption settings, the query timeout, and the workgroup. Option B, Athena workgroup, is a feature that allows you to isolate and manage your Athena queries and resources, such as the query history, the query notifications, the query concurrency, and the query cost. Option D, Athena query editor, is a feature that allows you to write and run SQL queries on Athena using the web console or the API. None of these options enable you to use Spark instead of SQL to generate analytics on Athena. Reference:
Using Apache Spark in Amazon Athena
Athena JDBC Driver
Spark SQL
Athena query settings
[Athena workgroups]
[Athena query editor]

NEW QUESTION # 36
A financial services company stores financial data in Amazon Redshift. A data engineer wants to run real-time queries on the financial data to support a web-based trading application. The data engineer wants to run the queries from within the trading application.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

A. Use the Amazon Redshift Data API.
B. Store frequently accessed data in Amazon S3. Use Amazon S3 Select to run the queries.
C. Set up Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) connections to Amazon Redshift.
D. Establish WebSocket connections to Amazon Redshift.

Answer: A

Explanation:
The Amazon Redshift Data API is a built-in feature that allows you to run SQL queries on Amazon Redshift data with web services-based applications, such as AWS Lambda, Amazon SageMaker notebooks, and AWS Cloud9. The Data API does not require a persistent connection to your database, and it provides a secure HTTP endpoint and integration with AWS SDKs. You can use the endpoint to run SQL statements without managing connections. The Data API also supports both Amazon Redshift provisioned clusters and Redshift Serverless workgroups. The Data API is the best solution for running real-time queries on the financial data from within the trading application, as it has the least operational overhead compared to the other options.
Option A is not the best solution, as establishing WebSocket connections to Amazon Redshift would require more configuration and maintenance than using the Data API. WebSocket connections are also not supported by Amazon Redshift clusters or serverless workgroups.
Option C is not the best solution, as setting up JDBC connections to Amazon Redshift would also require more configuration and maintenance than using the Data API. JDBC connections are also not supported by Redshift Serverless workgroups.
Option D is not the best solution, as storing frequently accessed data in Amazon S3 and using Amazon S3 Select to run the queries would introduce additional latency and complexity than using the Data API. Amazon S3 Select is also not optimized for real-time queries, as it scans the entire object before returning the results. Reference:
Using the Amazon Redshift Data API
Calling the Data API
Amazon Redshift Data API Reference
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide

NEW QUESTION # 37
A company hosts its applications on Amazon EC2 instances. The company must use SSL/TLS connections that encrypt data in transit to communicate securely with AWS infrastructure that is managed by a customer.
A data engineer needs to implement a solution to simplify the generation, distribution, and rotation of digital certificates. The solution must automatically renew and deploy SSL/TLS certificates.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

A. Store self-managed certificates on the EC2 instances.
B. Use AWS Certificate Manager (ACM).
C. Use Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) Service Connect.
D. Implement custom automation scripts in AWS Secrets Manager.

Answer: B

Explanation:
The best solution for managing SSL/TLS certificates on EC2 instances withminimal operational overheadis to useAWS Certificate Manager (ACM). ACM simplifies certificate management by automating the provisioning, renewal, and deployment of certificates.
* AWS Certificate Manager (ACM):
* ACM managesSSL/TLS certificatesfor EC2 and other AWS resources, including automatic certificate renewal. This reduces the need for manual management and avoids operational complexity.
* ACM also integrates with other AWS services to simplify secure connections between AWS infrastructure and customer-managed environments.
Reference:AWS Certificate Manager
Alternatives Considered:
A (Self-managed certificates): Managing certificates manually on EC2 instances increases operational overhead and lacks automatic renewal.
C (Secrets Manager automation): While Secrets Manager can store keys and certificates, it requires custom automation for rotation and does not handle SSL/TLS certificates directly.
D (ECS Service Connect): This is unrelated to SSL/TLS certificate management and would not address the operational need.
References:
AWS Certificate Manager Documentation

NEW QUESTION # 38
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